שופטים
Dedicate a Shiur in Parshas Shoftim
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50 shiurim for Parshas Shoftim
Why does the Torah call Matan Torah 'yom hakahal' (day of gathering) rather than emphasizing receiving the Torah? The Rambam understood that Hakhel every seven years reenacts the Sinai experience. This reveals that Sinai created not just spiritual revelation but also a unified community — a dimension reflected in the Mishkan and aliyah l'regel.
Why does the Torah describe idols as powers "that I did not empower" when everything comes from God? The shiur explains that Hashem empowered humans to create truth through judges and to enforce it through leaders, but this same power can be misused to empower idolatry. As we approach Rosh Hashanah, we must understand our tremendous responsibility to empower Hashem through proper kingship.
Why does the Torah warn that shochad (bribes) blind judges when no upstanding judge would accept outright corruption? The shiur develops a chiddush that the most dangerous bribery occurs when someone gives money while explicitly asking for fairness, not favoritism. This apparent righteousness itself becomes blinding, as the judge becomes prejudiced toward someone who seems so ehrlich.
Why does the Torah say about idols "asher lo tzivisi" (that I did not empower) rather than "I did not command you to serve them"? Jews uniquely possess the power to empower Hashem through prayer and allegiance. This same spiritual power can be tragically misdirected toward idolatry, giving false gods actual strength that Hashem never granted them directly.
Why does the Torah present the mitzvah of cities of refuge three separate times with different emphases? Each presentation reveals a deeper layer: first, protection for the unintentional killer; second, societal awareness to prevent murder; third, punishment for negligence in safeguarding human life. The progression shows that human life has infinite value because each person represents God's presence in the world.
Why does the Torah mandate both judges (shoftim) and enforcers (shotrim) in every city? The shiur reveals that the Torah's judicial system places ultimate responsibility for punishment directly on the judge, not a separate executive branch. This creates a fundamentally different system where enforcement aims at the defendant's genuine acceptance of the justice of the ruling.
Why does the Torah command appointing a king while simultaneously warning against wanting a king like the nations? Rabbi Zweig distinguishes between two types of leadership: religious head of state (appointed by prophet and Sanhedrin) and political governance (chosen by the people). Only when we're ready to submit to human authority can we truly accept Hashem's kingship.
Why does the Torah require every city of 120 people to have 69 judges, making most of the population judiciary? The goal isn't to punish crime but to prevent it through inspiration. When communities are filled with righteous role models, people naturally avoid wrongdoing rather than fear punishment.
Why does the Torah say judges AND officers will judge together when only judges actually render decisions? Rashi's interpretation reveals that accepting the court's judgment is part of the judicial process itself. This creates a Torah model where enforcement remains under judicial rather than executive authority.
Why does the Torah reward Pinchas for an act of zealotry that seems to contradict normal judicial process? A true kanoi acts from divine compulsion, not moral choice - he's sick to his stomach while doing what must be done. This transforms our understanding of kehunah and the judicial system in Eretz Yisrael.
Why does the Torah make enforcement officers direct agents of judges rather than a separate executive branch? The shiur develops that full judicial responsibility creates higher care and attention. When judges know they bear complete culpability for consequences—without governors or presidents to provide clemency—they must exercise maximum diligence in their rulings.
Why does the Torah say 'veshoftu' (they shall judge) for both shoftim and shotrim, when shotrim don't judge but enforce? Rashi reveals that enforcement is actually part of the judicial process itself. A judgment remains incomplete until the defendant accepts it, making the shoter's role the final stage of judicial decision-making rather than a separate function.
What role do shotrim (court officers) play in the Torah's justice system? Rashi limits their function to post-conviction enforcement, while the Rambam expands their role to proactive market regulation and social order. This reveals fundamentally different conceptions of judicial responsibility.
How could someone be convicted under Jewish law's nearly impossible death penalty requirements? The analysis reveals that sin creates self-hatred—starting with hatred of others, escalating through aveira goreret aveira until one becomes so alienated from oneself that death becomes preferable to living.
Why does the Torah repeat laws about judges and bribery already covered in Parshas Mishpatim? The shiur develops that Parshas Shoftim introduces a revolutionary concept: through proper hisbatlus to HaKadosh Baruch Hu, Jewish courts can create actual reality, not just acceptable judgments. This ability to create reality explains why Jews' teshuvah can undo even mitzvos and why Jewish avodah zarah has real power.
Why does the merit of saying 'Shema Yisrael' specifically protect soldiers in battle? The shiur traces Shema's origin to Yaakov's sons, who responded with both commitment to legacy ('Shema Yisrael') and truth ('Hashem Echad'). Fighting with consciousness of preserving ancestral tradition, not just personal survival, unlocks supernatural strength.
Why does the Torah structure the verse about judges unusually, mentioning their placement before their function? Rabbi Zweig develops that in Eretz Yisrael, the judicial system's primary goal isn't prosecuting criminals but preventing crime by surrounding society with Torah scholars who inspire proper conduct.
Why does the Torah say Jews win wars through the merit of 'Shema Yisrael'? The shiur reveals that Shema Yisrael represents commitment to preserving the legacy of previous generations. This explains the dramatic difference between pre-war and post-war American Jewry — those who came after the Holocaust understood that without them, Jewish continuity would end.
Why do we dread Elul instead of celebrating it? The shiur challenges the fundamental misconception that mitzvos are the 'price we pay' for enjoying the world. True fulfillment comes from understanding that Torah and mitzvos ARE the ultimate pleasure — the world exists to serve that relationship, not vice versa.
Why would a murderer accept witnesses' warnings and ensure his own execution? Rashi explains that hatred violates "lo tisnah et achicha bilvavcha," leading to murder through avera goreret avera. But the deeper pathology is how repeated sin destroys self-esteem, making the murderer suicidal enough to accept hasra'ah rather than stay silent and escape punishment.
Why do engaged men and new homeowners return from optional wars but still serve in obligatory wars? The shiur develops a fundamental distinction: optional wars involve only communal responsibility, while obligatory wars combine communal duty with individual obligation. Those completing their essential self-definition (marriage, home, field) are exempt from communal obligations but not personal ones.
Why does the Torah prohibit bribes even when the giver claims he only wants a fair judgment? The shiur explores how the most dangerous corruption comes not from obvious payoffs but from those who present themselves as righteous, wanting only justice. This subtle manipulation blinds judges by creating favorable impressions rather than direct influence.
What distinguishes a judge from someone answering a halachic question? Rabbi Zweig develops a fundamental distinction: judges don't merely research and clarify existing law—they create legal reality. This creative power, parallel to a kohen declaring negaim, gives vitality to the halachic system.
Why did Israel sin by requesting a king when appointing a king is a Torah mitzvah? The shiur builds on the Rambam and Chinuch to distinguish between head of state (divinely appointed) and head of government (empowered by the people). True malchus requires the people to willingly transfer governing authority while maintaining reverence - creating the paradox that underlies melech she'mocha kavodo ein kavodo mocho.
Why does the Torah require elaborate communal procedures when one murdered person is found? The eternal nature of the Jewish people depends not on critical mass but on commitment to every individual. The Kohanim's role reflects this principle — they represent the perspective that no single life can be expendable.
Why does the Torah forbid using a single stone monument (matzeivah) when the Avos used them and God originally loved this practice? The shiur develops that matzeivah became dangerous when adopted by pantheists who saw the stone itself as divine rather than a reflection of God. This mistake leads to connecting inward to perceived godliness within oneself rather than outward to Hashem.
Why does Rashi define shotrim differently in two parshas? The shiur distinguishes between judges who clarify existing law versus judges who make new law as sovereign agents. This dual judicial function explains contradictory sources about when we must obey erroneous court decisions.
Can a relative (karov) serve as a judge? The Midrash proves from a hekesh between nega and din that relatives are disqualified even in the sovereign/legislative functions of Beis Din, not just pure judicial clarification. This distinction also explains why women like Devorah could judge—they're qualified for executive authority but not halachic clarification.
Why does failing to escort a guest make you responsible for their murder? The shiur develops a profound insight: receiving favors devastates people's dignity, making them feel worthless and victim-prone. True chesed requires restoring the recipient's honor by making them feel they gave something valuable to you.
Why does the Torah exempt those who built a house, planted a vineyard, or got engaged from military service? The shiur argues that war represents communal responsibility, which must come only after personal completion. These three categories define human essence — one's wife, home, and livelihood — and preventing their completion would be a fundamental tragedy.
Why does kanos (zealotry) only apply when catching someone in the act, not through court proceedings later? The shiur develops that kanos removes free choice rather than punishing wrongdoing. Pinchas had to surrender his own free will while limiting others', partially rectifying Adam's original sin by acting from compulsion rather than choice.
Why does the Torah combine judges and enforcement officers under one command (veshaftu)? Rashi reveals that shotrim function as extensions of the judges themselves, creating a system based on truth rather than political considerations. This transforms Jewish courts into educational institutions that prevent crime rather than merely punish it.
Why does the Torah repeat bribery laws in Shoftim when they already appear in Mishpatim? The shiur develops a fundamental chakira between din emes (halachically correct judgment) and din emes l'amito (absolute truth). Mishpatim establishes judicial systems to resolve disputes; Shoftim creates a higher reality where judges search for absolute truth and bring the Shechina into the world.
Why do Jewish laws require 69 judges in every city of 120 people, yet seemingly make conviction nearly impossible? The shiur develops the yesod that Torah justice isn't about punishment but about creating an atmosphere where "thou shall not" governs behavior. Real deterrence comes from understanding that acts are forbidden, not from fear of consequences.
Why are only three categories of people exempt from military service - those who built a house, planted a vineyard, or got engaged? The shiur explains these three areas (home, profession, spouse) are part of a person's genetic code and essence. A person must complete himself in these areas before taking on communal responsibilities.
Why does an ir hanidachas receive collective punishment including execution of children? The din is not mishpat but milchamah - God wages war against rebellion (beliya'al), not individual sin. This teaches that Elul's primary avodah is accepting ol malchus Shamayim rather than picking and choosing mitzvos.
Why does the Torah emphasize appointing competent judges when that seems obvious? The shiur distinguishes between judges needed for justice (Parshas Mishpatim) versus judges needed for spiritual connection (Parshas Shoftim). Through connection to righteous judges who become partners with Hashem, we achieve our physical connection to God and avoid the trap of idolatry.
Why does Eglah Arufah require atonement for the generation that left Egypt, and why must the Sanhedrin Gadol participate in what seems like a simple ritual? The shiur reveals that Eglah Arufah isn't about murder at all — it's about the erosion of Jewish community when even one individual is abandoned.
Why does the Midrash emphasize differences between Jewish and Gentile courts in Parshas Shoftim when this was already established in Mishpatim? The shiur develops a fundamental distinction between two judicial functions: pure mishpat (absolute justice) and malchus (sovereign power for societal preservation). Jewish courts uniquely possess both powers, while Gentile courts operate only through sovereignty.
Why does the Torah establish six special cities of refuge when there are already 42 Levite cities that provide protection? The shiur develops a fundamental distinction between protective custody (klita) and judicial punishment (onesh). The six designated cities serve as penal colonies where murderers must serve their sentence, while the 42 Levite cities merely offer sanctuary.
What justifies optional warfare (milchemet reshus) when Torah emphasizes peace and justice? The shiur develops a chiddush that these wars function as divine vengeance against nations violating Noahide laws, with Jewish soldiers serving as God's agents like a goel hadam. This explains why mercy is forbidden and why success depends on just judges - only those embodying divine justice can execute divine vengeance.
What justifies war when the Jewish people need sustenance? The shiur develops a fundamental distinction between justice and vengeance to explain milchemes reshus. Rather than imperialistic conquest, optional wars are acts of divine vengeance—reclaiming God's sovereignty when nations fail to uphold the Noahide laws and create viable economies.
Why does the Torah require more judges in Eretz Yisrael where there's less crime, but fewer judges in Chutz La'aretz where crime rates are higher? The shiur develops a fundamental distinction between Parshas Mishpatim and Parshas Shoftim - judges exist not to prosecute criminals but to create such profound awe and respect for Torah law that crime becomes unthinkable.
Why does Parsha Shoftim introduce a new din of individual idolaters after covering idolatry extensively in Parshas Re'eh? The shiur develops a revolutionary understanding that judges don't merely decide cases but create divine reality itself. When a dayan achieves complete bitul to Hashem, his psak becomes mishpat l'Elokim - absolutely correct divine judgment that creates actual reality, making him a shutaf in ma'aseh bereishis.
Why does every city need its own beis din of twenty-three judges? The shiur argues that the Torah's judicial system isn't designed to catch criminals but to create constant presence of Torah values. This atmosphere of respect for din transforms society by making people feel that murder and theft are inherently wrong, not just punishable.
Why establish courts in every small city when Torah law makes conviction nearly impossible without proper warning? The judicial system's true purpose is not catching criminals but creating omnipresent awareness of divine law through learned judges. This transforms society from fear-based compliance to genuine recognition that wrongdoing violates our relationship with God.
Why does every city of 120 people need a full court system capable of capital punishment? The shiur develops that shofetim veshotrim aren't meant to punish after crimes occur, but to create a Divine presence that prevents crime entirely. This explains why enforcement officers are also called "judges" — they participate in creating an atmosphere of justice that deters wrongdoing.
Why does every small city need its own court with twenty-three judges? The shiur develops the yesod that the purpose of courts is not to punish wrongdoing but to create a moral presence that prevents crime. This presence teaches right from wrong through living examples, just as ants instinctively avoid theft without external enforcement.
What distinguishes the din system in Parshas Mishpatim from the shoftim requirements in Parshas Shoftim? The shiur develops that Parshas Mishpatim establishes courts for correct halachic rulings, while Parshas Shoftim introduces a higher level where judges become vessels for Divine presence. This creates new realities through "Elokim nitzav badas keil" - requiring not just competent dayonim but tzadikim capable of channeling Hashem's judgment.
Why does the Torah have two separate sections on courts - Mishpatim in Shemos and Shoftim in Devarim? The shiur develops that Mishpatim establishes correct Torah law, while Shoftim creates a higher level where the judge becomes a vessel for Hashem's presence. This transforms din from human competency to divine reality-creation through absolute objectivity.
