Tosafot on Amira L'Akum for Mitzvos: Shvus, Shvus D'Shvus, and Yishuv Eretz Yisrael

This shiur analyzes a fundamental Tosafot in Gittin 8b addressing the parameters of amira l'akum (instructing a non-Jew to perform labor on Shabbos (שבת)) for the sake of mitzvah (מצוה) performance. The Gemara (גמרא) states that for yishuv Eretz Yisrael (settling the Land of Israel), one may tell a non-Jew to perform even a melachah d'oraisa, but for other mitzvos—even milah—this is forbidden. Tosafot asks: How can yishuv Eretz Yisrael be more stringent than milah, which is actually docheh Shabbos (overrides Shabbos)? Furthermore, the Gemara in Eruvin permits telling a non-Jew to heat water for a baby's milah by carrying through an area without an eruv—a shvus—so why does the Gemara here say other mitzvos don't permit amira l'akum? Tosafot develops a fundamental principle: there is a critical distinction between shvus d'shvus (a Rabbinic prohibition two steps removed from Torah (תורה) law) and one shvus (a single Rabbinic prohibition directly protecting a Torah law). For milah, which is docheh Shabbos, one may instruct a non-Jew to violate a shvus d'shvus—such as telling him to perform a Rabbinic prohibition (amira l'akum) to do another Rabbinic act (hotza'ah without eruv). But one may not tell a non-Jew to do even a single shvus for milah, because that would be treated with the stringency of a lo sa'aseh (negative prohibition). Tosafot further limits this: even shvus d'shvus is only permitted for milah specifically, because milah is docheh Shabbos; other mitzvos do not have this power.