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Why is one chayav separate korbanos for each melacha on Shabbos (שבת)? The shiur contrasts two approaches in the Rishonim: Rashi (רש"י) in Pesachim (thirty-nine distinct lavin derived from havoorah) versus Rashi in Yevamos (one lav of "lo sa'aseh kol melacha" divided by sevara). This chakira explains machlokos on hasra requirements for av versus tolda melachos and resolves contradictions in Tosafos (תוספות) and the Rambam (רמב"ם).
This shiur is part of a series on Masechta Bava Kamma and examines the foundational concepts of klal and toldos in the framework of Shabbos (שבת) melachos, beginning on daf 2a. The Gemara (גמרא) establishes that there are thirty-nine avos melachos on Shabbos, each with its toldos. The Gemara asks: what is the difference between an av and a tolda? If one does two different avos, one is chayav twice; if one does two different toldos, one is also chayav twice. But if one does an av and its tolda together, one is only chayav once. Rav Elazar disagrees and holds that one is chayav even when doing a tolda in the presence of its av. The question arises: what do we call an av and what do we call a tolda? The answer given is that the melachos performed in the Mishkan are called avos, while those similar but not performed in the Mishkan are called toldos. Rashi (רש"י)'s comment that "lo mechayav ela echad" (one is only liable once) is puzzling. The simple reading of the Gemara suggests that doing an av and tolda together results in one korban, not that the tolda is exempt. Rashi derives this from the continuation of the Gemara: Rav Elazar holds one is mechayav a tolda in the place of an av, implying the Chachamim hold one is not mechayav a tolda in such a case. Tosafos (תוספות) asks a fundamental question: according to the Chachamim, why must one give hasra (warning) for the tolda by mentioning the av melacha? According to Rav Elazar, who holds one is chayav for both, the question is even stronger—why mention the av when warning for the tolda?
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Bava Kamma 2a
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