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What defines the essence of melacha d'oraisa in hotzaah - the effort expended or the change of domains? The shiur analyzes a fundamental machlokes in Tosafot between viewing melacha as work invested versus domain transfer. This distinction explains why different carriers need separate pesukim and affects the entire structure of av melachos and toldos.
This shiur provides a detailed analysis of fundamental disagreements between different Tosafot regarding the nature of melacha d'oraisa, specifically focusing on the melacha of hotzaah (carrying on Shabbos (שבת)). Rabbi Zweig begins by examining Tosafot in Nedarim, which establishes that hotzaah is a melacha d'oraisa based on the need for a specific pasuk. He then contrasts this with our Tosafot, which provides additional proofs for this status even after having a pasuk. The core disagreement centers on two fundamental approaches to defining melacha. Tosafot in Hazorek defines melacha as changing reshutot (domains) - moving an object from private to public domain constitutes the essence of the prohibition. According to this view, once you know one case of domain transfer, there should be no difference between different types of carriers (oni vs baal habayit) since the melacha is the change of place itself. Our Tosafot, however, defines melacha in terms of effort expended. This creates distinctions between different scenarios based on the amount of work involved. Giving something away (hotzaah of baal habayit) requires more effort than taking something for oneself (hotzaah of oni), which explains why separate pesukim are needed for each case. Rabbi Zweig explores how these different definitions affect the relationship between av melachos and toldos. According to the effort-based approach, even toldos like zerikah (throwing) must be found in the Mishkan and require logical justification (sevara) because they represent different levels of effort. The domain-change approach would be more lenient, requiring less specific validation for toldos. The shiur also addresses the practical halachic implications, examining how hachnasah (bringing in) relates to hotzaah under both approaches. The effort-based view creates gradations between different types of bringing in and taking out, while the domain-change view treats them more uniformly. Throughout the analysis, Rabbi Zweig demonstrates how these fundamental disagreements about the nature of melacha affect the entire structure of Shabbos prohibitions and their derivations from the Mishkan.
Shabbos 2a
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