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Why can we rely on two conflicting leniencies - davening Mincha late and Maariv early according to Rabbi Yehuda's plag hamincha? Rabbeinu Tam resolves this by distinguishing calendar time from human activity time. Krias Shema follows sleep/wake patterns while tefillah follows standard day/night divisions.
This shiur analyzes Masechta Brachos 2a, beginning with Rashi (רש"י)'s explanation that while Krias Shema starts at tzeis hakochavim, we can recite it earlier in shul to accommodate people for davening. Tosfos challenges this with several kashas, including how we can daven Mincha close to shkiya if we follow Rabbi Yehuda's position that Maariv begins at plag hamincha, creating a problem of trei kuli d'sasrei adodi (two conflicting leniencies). Rabbi Zweig explores Rabbeinu Tam's resolution, distinguishing between two types of time: calendar time (yom v'layla) and human/avoda time based on beshochbecha uvkumecha. According to this approach, Krias Shema follows human time patterns (when people sleep and wake) while other mitzvos like tefillah follow standard calendar time. The shiur examines the Rambam (רמב"ם)'s position in Hilchos Krias Shema, noting apparent contradictions between defining the mitzvah (מצוה) as yom v'layla while allowing krias shema until netz hachamah for an ones. The Kesef Mishneh's questions about the Rambam's ruling on reciting shema after chatzos are analyzed. Rabbi Zweig proposes that the Rambam views Krias Shema as one mitzvah of kabbalas ol malchus shamayim that must be performed by the same person in different states - the energetic daytime person and the relaxed nighttime person. This addresses the Magen Avrohom's question about whether Krias Shema is mitzvah she'hazman grama, since it involves the same person in different temporal states rather than separate mitzvos. The analysis distinguishes between Rashi's approach (two different kiyumim - accepting ol malchus shamayim and hafkadas ruach) and the Rambam's view of one mitzvah performed by a person in different states throughout the day.
Brachos 2a
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